Strengthening and Promoting Effective Measures and International Cooperation on Organ Donation and Transplantation to Prevent and Combat Trafficking in Persons for the Purpose of Organ Removal and Trafficking in Human Organs
2024A/RES/79/189Strengthening and promoting effective measures and international cooperation on organ donation and transplantation to prevent and combat trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and trafficking in human organsLatestCompare with previous version
2023A/RES/77/236Strengthening and promoting effective measures and international cooperation on organ donation and transplantation to prevent and combat trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and trafficking in human organsCompare with previous version
2020A/RES/75/195Strengthening and promoting effective measures and international cooperation on organ donation and transplantation to prevent and combat trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and trafficking in human organsCompare with previous version
2019A/RES/73/189Strengthening and promoting effective measures and international cooperation on organ donation and transplantation to prevent and combat trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and trafficking in human organsCompare with previous version
2017A/RES/71/322Strengthening and promoting effective measures and international cooperation on organ donation and transplantation to prevent and combat trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and trafficking in human organs
iVersions are identified automatically by matching titles within the same organ (~97% accuracy on a manual audit).
Who cites this mandate in the budget?
2 entities
iExtracted automatically from each entity’s budget submission.
1 report of the Secretary-General submitted under this mandate, 2025.
2025A/80/157Implementation of the mandates of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme, with particular reference to the technical cooperation activities of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime report of the Secretary-General
iIdentified automatically from the metadata in each report’s UN Digital Library catalogue record.
What does this mandate say?
39 operative paragraphs
1
UrgesMember States to prevent and combat trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and trafficking in human organs, in accordance with their obligations under international and national law, and to uphold accountability through measures that may include preventing and, in accordance with relevant national legislation, investigating, prosecuting and punishing trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and trafficking in human organs;
2
UrgesMember States that have not yet done so to ratify or accede to, as a matter of priority, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, taking into consideration the central role of those instruments in the fight against trafficking in persons, and urges States parties to those instruments to implement them fully and effectively;
3
EncouragesMember States, consistent with their obligations under the relevant international instruments, including the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, to criminalize trafficking in persons for organ removal, prevent and combat this specific form of trafficking, protect and assist its victims and promote cooperation;
4
Also encouragesMember States to further strengthen international cooperation in the fight against trafficking in persons for organ removal, and to harmonize, where appropriate, their legal frameworks in this regard, including by considering signing, ratifying or acceding to relevant international treaties, such as the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs;
5
Further encouragesMember States to progress towards self-sufficiency in the transplantation of human organs by developing preventive strategies aimed at decreasing the incidence of diseases treatable through transplantation, and at ethically increasing the availability of human organs for transplantation purposes, with special attention to maximizing donations from deceased donors and to protecting the health and welfare of living donors;
6
UrgesMember States to consider adopting the following measures related to organ transplantation, in accordance with the fundamental principles of their domestic legal systems and national legislation and in line with the World Health Organization guiding principles on human cell, tissue and organ transplantation:
a
Strengthening legislative frameworks, including by reviewing, developing or amending them, as appropriate, to prevent and combat trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and trafficking in human organs, including the criminalization of these practices and provisions to ensure the accountability of the perpetrators;
b
Adopting appropriate legislative measures necessary to guarantee that the donation of organs is guided by clinical criteria and ethical norms, based on the donors’ informed and voluntary consent, as an altruistic act, performed without any monetary payment or other reward of monetary value, for the living donor or the family of the deceased donor, or any other person or entity, which does not preclude reimbursing reasonable and verifiable expenses incurred by donors;
c
Ensuring equitable access to human organ transplantation, on the basis of non-discrimination;
d
Increasing public awareness and understanding of the benefits resulting from the voluntary non-remunerated donation of organs from deceased and living persons, and of the physical, psychological and social risks to individuals and communities caused by trafficking in human organs and trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, as well as transplant tourism;
e
Ensuring that the removal of human organs from both deceased and living persons, as well as the transplantation of human organs, exclusively take place in centres specifically authorized for such activities by the relevant national health authorities and are not performed outside the framework of domestic transplantation systems or in situations where the transplantation is performed in breach of the guiding principles or national transplantation laws or rules;
f
Developing and strengthening regulatory oversight of the medical facilities and medical professionals involved in the recovery and transplantation of human organs, including through control measures, such as periodic audits;
g
Setting specific processes and criteria for the authorization of every organ removal and transplantation procedure, which include, where appropriate, the psychosocial evaluation of prospective living donors by appropriately qualified medical professionals;
h
Establishing and developing registries that include information regarding each organ recovery and transplantation procedure and outcomes for living donors and recipients of organs, as well as identification systems that facilitate tracing each organ from donor to recipient and vice versa, with the purpose of ensuring the transparency of practices and the quality and safety of human organs, with due regard to professional confidentiality and personal data protection;
i
Ensuring that these registries are designed to record information on procedures that take place within a country and on transplant and living donation procedures involving residents of that country carried out in other jurisdictions, in accordance with national legislation and relevant international obligations on data protection;
j
Promoting the voluntary contribution of periodic information to international registers for organ donation and transplantation activity, such as the Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation developed in collaboration with the World Health Organization, which also collects data on cases of travel for transplantation;
k
Protecting living donors by requiring free, prior and informed consent in language that they understand, and appropriate medical and psychosocial evaluation, as well as providing them with proper long-term follow-up care after donation;
7
EncouragesMember States to prosecute all actors that knowingly engage in trafficking in persons for organ removal, regardless of their status and including physicians, brokers, medical staff and legal persons, such as pharmaceutical and insurance companies;
8
EncouragesMember States, international organizations and civil society to ensure sustained efforts in terms of information and awareness-raising activities aimed at fostering a positive attitude on the part of society regarding donation, including posthumous donation, as a gesture of altruism, solidarity and community participation, and to warn of the risks of organ removal when performed in the context of trafficking, in particular among people in vulnerable situations at risk of becoming victims of this crime;
9
EncouragesMember States to develop effective and properly resourced organ donation and transplantation systems and provide technical assistance for their implementation in requesting countries;
10
Also encouragesMember States to exchange experience in and information on preventing, prosecuting and punishing trafficking in human organs and trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, to combat the illicit financial flows resulting from such trafficking, as well as on the protection of victims, as appropriate, and to strengthen international cooperation between all relevant actors;
11
Further encouragesMember States to ensure, where practical and appropriate, that financial institutions develop a list of indicators to detect transactions related to trafficking in persons for organ removal;
12
EncouragesMember States to provide training and capacity-building for law enforcement and border control officials, as well as for healthcare professionals and ethical boards, on identifying potential cases, including on the Internet, during psychosocial assessments, of trafficking in human organs and trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and on the need to certify the origin of organs to be transplanted and to report suspected or confirmed illegal practices;
13
Calls upon Member States, in cooperation with national medical associations and/or other relevant professional bodies, to establish, where appropriate, guidelines and toolkits, reporting mechanisms or other necessary frameworks for healthcare professionals to report any confirmed or suspected case of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and of trafficking in human organs to the relevant authorities and, where applicable, to ensure that the reporting of trafficking cases is a permitted exception to the physician’s obligation to maintain confidentiality;
14
UrgesMember States to ensure that health authorities and/or insurance providers do not reimburse the costs of transplant procedures that have occurred in the context of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal or trafficking in human organs, although the costs of medications and post-transplant care should be covered under the same conditions that apply to any other transplant recipient;
15
EncouragesMember States to strengthen international cooperation in responding to the crimes of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and trafficking in human organs, as provided for in domestic and international law;
16
UrgesMember States to further develop, in their domestic legislation, ways of protecting victims of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and, as appropriate, ways of addressing the vulnerability of those individuals who sell their organs, including by considering the following measures:
a
Adopting all necessary measures, including legal measures, guidelines or policies, to protect the rights and interests of victims in the course of all phases of criminal prosecution and judicial proceedings and to ensure accountability, and intensifying efforts, subject to national laws, rules and regulations, to implement the principle of non-punishment of victims of trafficking, under which victims are not to be inappropriately punished or prosecuted for acts that traffickers compelled them to commit or that they committed as a direct consequence of being trafficked;
b
Facilitating the access of victims of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and, as allowed by domestic law, of those individuals who sell their organs to relevant information related to their case, while respecting their anonymity, as well as measures to protect their health and other rights;
c
Providing necessary medical and psychosocial care, as well as support and assistance, including livelihood support, as appropriate, to victims of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and individuals who sell their organs in the short, medium and long term;
d
Ensuring that domestic legal systems take measures based on a victim-centred approach that offer victims of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and individuals who sell their organs the possibility of obtaining effective compensation and other remedies, including legal remedies, for the damage suffered, without fear of facing retaliation or prosecution for organ trafficking;
e
Promoting the creation of governmental mechanisms and providing support to specialized non-governmental organizations, as appropriate, to address the needs of groups at risk of trafficking in human organs and trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal in order to facilitate the provision of holistic and early care to potential or actual victims of those crimes, and ensuring that all support measures are non-discriminatory and gender-, age- and culturally sensitive and comply with international human rights obligations and national legislation;
17
Encouragesthe World Health Organization, in consultation with Member States and other relevant stakeholders, to take further steps towards developing a global strategy in the field of organs, tissues and cells that seeks the integration of donation and transplantation into healthcare systems in accordance with the World Health Organization guiding principles on human cell, tissue and organ transplantation and that would reference the importance of avoiding trafficking in persons for organ removal and organ trafficking;
18
Requeststhe World Health Organization, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to continue to provide guidelines to Member States for developing orderly, ethical and acceptable programmes for the acquisition and transplantation of human organs for therapeutic purposes, with particular attention to low-middle-income countries, and to intensify the coordination of efforts in combating organ trafficking and trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, including the development of additional transplantation registries;
19
Requeststhe United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to engage in a dialogue with members of the Inter-Agency Coordination Group against Trafficking in Persons and other relevant intergovernmental international organizations, in particular the World Health Organization, in close consultation with Member States, so as to enable the Office to improve data collection and analysis on instances of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and relevant prosecutions, and to promote research among diverse fields, such as the medical and health management fields, as well as on the part of the anti-trafficking community, while bearing in mind that data on trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal are being gathered for the Global Report on Trafficking in Persons, in accordance with the provisions set out in General Assembly resolution 70/179 of 17 December 2015;
20
Also requeststhe United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, in collaboration with other entities of the United Nations system, including the World Health Organization, to continue providing capacity-building and technical assistance to States, upon request, to assist them in strengthening national capacities to effectively prevent and combat trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and trafficking in human organs, with important tools such as the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime toolkit on the investigation and prosecution of trafficking in persons for organ removal;
21
InvitesMember States and other donors to provide extrabudgetary resources to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime for the purpose of implementing the present resolution and to the World Health Organization to disseminate and implement the principles endorsed by the World Health Assembly to address the ethical aspects of organ transplantation, such as voluntary and unpaid donation, universal access to transplant services, the availability, safety and quality of the procedures and national accountability through the development of sustainable transplant systems and the achievement of national self-sufficiency in order to stop trafficking in human organs and trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, as well as transplant tourism;
22
Requeststhe Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its eighty-first session a comprehensive report on the implementation of the present resolution, including on the activities of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and other relevant United Nations entities, and urges Member States to contribute relevant information to that report, including, where appropriate, statistical data and information on situations where transplantations were rejected owing to alleged or proven cases of trafficking in persons for organ removal;
23
Decides to continue its consideration of the question at its eighty-first session, under the item entitled “Crime prevention and criminal justice”.
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