Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar

A/HRC/RES/52/31View PDF

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A Resolution of the Human Rights Council, under agenda item 4Human rights situations that require the Council's attention, published in 2023.

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46 documents · 1994–2026

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2026A/HRC/RES/61/30Situation of human rights in MyanmarCompare with earlier document
2025A/HRC/RES/58/20Situation of human rights in MyanmarCompare with earlier document
2024A/HRC/RES/55/20Situation of human rights in MyanmarCompare with earlier document
2023A/HRC/RES/52/31Situation of human rights in MyanmarCompare with earlier document
2022A/HRC/RES/49/23Situation of human rights in MyanmarCompare with earlier document

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What subjects does this mandate have?

8 topics

Accountability Human Rights Human Rights Violations Internal Security Minorities Myanmar Political Conditions Special Rapporteurs

What does this mandate say?

54 operative paragraphs

Condemns in the strongest terms the military coup carried out in Myanmar and the deposition of the elected civilian Government by the Myanmar armed forces on 1 February 2021, which constitutes an unacceptable attempt to forcibly overturn the results of the general elections of 8 November 2020, a halt in the democratic transition of Myanmar and a serious threat against the respect for and protection of human rights, the rule of law and good governance and democratic principles;

Welcomes Security Council resolution 2669 (2022), in which the Council demanded an immediate end to all forms of violence, the protection of civilians and the respect for human rights, stresses the need to uphold democratic institutions and processes in accordance with the will and interests of the people of Myanmar, urges the Myanmar military to immediately release all arbitrarily detained prisoners, including President Win Myint and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi, and calls for concrete and immediate action, noting the military’s commitments to the leaders of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to effectively and fully implement the five-point consensus reached at the Leaders’ Meeting of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations held on 24 April 2021;

Reiterates its full support for the people of Myanmar and their aspirations for democracy and civilian government;

Condemns unequivocally the execution of four political prisoners on 25 July 2022 following trials widely reported as lacking the minimum guarantees required by international human rights law, and calls upon the Myanmar armed forces to immediately cease and refrain from all other use of the death penalty contrary to international human rights law;

Condemns the deliberate, widespread, indiscriminate and disproportionate use of force against civilians, including by air strikes and by the indiscriminate and continuous use of lethal force and misuse of less-lethal weapons, by the Myanmar armed and security forces, and the violent acts, including killings, torture and other ill-treatment and bodily injury, and sexual and gender-based violence, committed against the people of Myanmar, including against peaceful demonstrators exercising their rights to freedom of expression, of peaceful assembly and association, which have led to deaths and many injuries, including of children and medical staff, in several cities and towns;

Calls upon the Myanmar armed forces to respect the democratic will of the people as expressed by the results of the general elections of 8 November 2020, to end the declaration of martial law, to return to the democratic transition in Myanmar and to end all obstruction to the democratic process in Myanmar, including by working towards bringing all national institutions, including the armed forces, under a democratically elected fully representative civilian government;

Calls upon all States to respect their international commitments and all relevant United Nations resolutions and to cease the illicit transfer and diversion of arms, munitions and other military equipment to Myanmar, in order to prevent further violations of international humanitarian law and violations and abuses of human rights, as well as to refrain, in accordance with applicable national procedures and international norms and standards, from the export, sale or transfer of surveillance goods and technologies and less-lethal weapons when they assess that there are reasonable grounds to suspect that such goods, technologies or weapons might be used to violate or abuse human rights, including in the context of assemblies;

Calls for the immediate and unconditional release of President Win Myint, State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and all those who have been arbitrarily detained, charged, arrested, convicted or sentenced on specious grounds, in particular since 1 February 2021, including government officials and politicians, human rights defenders, journalists and other media workers, civil society representatives, legal practitioners, religious and community leaders, health-care workers, aid workers, academics, teachers, local and foreign advisers, and members of student unions and trade unions and for the military to refrain from future reprisals against released detainees;

Also calls for an end to the unjustified use of military tribunals to try civilians, and reiterates the prohibition of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment, the necessity to respect for such civilians the right to a fair trial, including the presumption of innocence, the prohibition of being tried or punished again for offences of which one has already been convicted or acquitted, the right to be brought promptly before a judge to exercise judicial power, the right to be present at trial and to review of one’s sentence or conviction by a higher tribunal according to law, the right to a trial by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law and the right to adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence;

Further calls for the Myanmar armed forces to ensure full protection of the human rights of all persons in Myanmar, including the Rohingya and other persons belonging to minorities, to refrain from excessive use of force, to exercise the utmost restraint and to seek a peaceful resolution to the crisis, recalling that the Myanmar armed forces have a responsibility to respect democratic principles and are obliged to respect the rule of law and human rights, in accordance with international human rights law, including the rights to life, freedom of peaceful assembly and association, and of opinion and expression, including the freedom to seek, receive and impart information, and the prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;

Expresses grave concern at continuing reports of serious human rights violations and abuses by the military and security forces, as well as violations of international humanitarian law in Myanmar, notably against the Rohingya and other persons belonging to minorities, including those involving arbitrary arrests, deaths in detention, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, the deliberate killing and maiming of children, the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict, as well as for child labour and forced labour, the use of schools and universities for military purposes in contravention of international law, attacks on schools and universities, hospitals and houses of worship and protected persons in relation to schools, hospitals and houses of worship, the indiscriminate shelling in civilian areas, the destruction and burning of homes, the deprivation of economic, social and cultural rights, the forced displacement of more than 923,000 Rohingya and other persons belonging to minorities to Bangladesh, human trafficking, forced labour and rape, sexual exploitation and other forms of sexual and gender-based violence;

Calls upon the Myanmar military to immediately cease all air strikes, the use of anti-personnel landmines and the use of arson attacks, and condemns in the strongest terms the attack and killings of 23 October 2022 in Kachin State, as well as any attacks directed against civilians and civilian infrastructure, and indiscriminate attacks;

Condemns in the strongest terms the attack on a school and killings of 16 September 2022 in Sagaing Region, as well as any indiscriminate attacks against children by the Myanmar military, and calls upon all parties, and in particular the Myanmar armed and security forces, to end violations and abuses against children, to ensure accountability for these violations and abuses, to guarantee protection to all children in armed conflict, including by stopping and preventing their recruitment into armed forces, and to provide survivors with access to adequate assistance, including access to education and psychosocial and mental health support, justice and reparations;

Calls upon all parties to the conflict in Myanmar, in particular the Myanmar armed and security forces, to cease all attacks on schools, universities, students, teachers and education administrators in contravention of international humanitarian law and to mitigate and avoid the use of schools by armed forces, as appropriate, including by taking measures, such as considering implementing the Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict, and ensuring safe, non-violent, inclusive, effective and enabling learning environments and quality education for all;

Calls upon the Myanmar armed forces to cease the arbitrary and unlawful arrest and detention of children, to release all children detained in interrogation centres and prisons immediately and unconditionally, and to ensure their rehabilitation and reintegration into their families and communities;

Calls upon all parties to the conflict in Myanmar, in particular the Myanmar armed and security forces, to immediately end violence, including sexual and gender-based violence, and all violations of international law, including of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, and human rights abuses in Myanmar, to hold perpetrators of violations and abuses accountable, including in independent and impartial domestic accountability processes ensuring justice and reparations to victims and survivors, to respect and protect civilians, to allow humanitarian access to affected populations, to show restraint, to cease the conflict and to show readiness to re-engage in dialogue and constitutional reform;

Encourages the swift establishment of constructive, inclusive and peaceful dialogue among all parties, in accordance with the will and interests of the people of Myanmar, aimed at restoring democratic governance;

Urges Myanmar, in accordance with the order of the International Court of Justice of 23 January 2020 in relation to members of the Rohingya in its territory, to take all measures within its power to prevent the commission of all acts within the scope of article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, to ensure that its armed forces and any irregular armed units that may be directed or supported by it and any organizations and persons that may be subject to its control, direction or influence do not commit, inter alia, any such acts, to prevent the destruction and ensure the preservation of evidence and to report to the Court as ordered on all measures taken to give effect to the order;

Stresses the need to effectively address the root causes of human rights violations and abuses against persons belonging to ethnic and religious minorities, including the Rohingya, reiterates the importance of the full implementation of all recommendations made by the Advisory Commission on Rakhine State, including those on access to citizenship, freedom of movement, the elimination of systematic segregation and all forms of discrimination and inclusive and equal access to health services, education, livelihood opportunities, basic services and birth registration, in full consultation with all ethnic and religious minority groups, including the Rohingya, and persons in vulnerable situations, as well as civil society, and calls for regular reports to the United Nations documenting concrete steps taken to implement each of the Commission’s 88 recommendations;

Also stresses the need to expedite efforts to eliminate statelessness and the systematic and institutionalized discrimination against members of ethnic and religious minorities, in particular relating to the Rohingya, by, inter alia, reviewing and reforming the 1982 Citizenship Law, which has led to the deprivation of human rights, complete disenfranchisement and forced displacement, by ensuring equal access to full citizenship through a transparent, voluntary and accessible procedure and to all civil and political rights by allowing for self-identification, by amending or repealing all discriminatory legislation and policies, including discriminatory provisions of the set of “protection of race and religion laws” enacted in 2015 covering religious conversion, interfaith marriage, monogamy and population control, and by lifting all local orders restricting rights to freedom of movement and access to civil registration, health and education services and livelihoods;

Further stresses the need to restore full citizenship status and related civil and political rights of the Rohingya and others, including voting rights and their free and fair participation in elections and other democratic processes;

Calls for the establishment of the conditions that would allow for the safe, voluntary, dignified and sustainable return of internally displaced persons to places of origin or places of their choosing and for a guarantee of unrestricted humanitarian access to persons in need, including all internally displaced persons, throughout the country, including by implementing the national strategy on the resettlement of internally displaced persons in accordance with international standards, in full consultation with the persons concerned and the local population, and in consultation also with the United Nations system and relevant civil society organizations, and encourages efforts to ensure consultation with and the representation of women at all levels of decision-making relating to the camp-closure strategy and its implementation;

Calls upon all parties, in particular the armed forces of Myanmar, to ensure full respect for international humanitarian law and to allow and facilitate free, unhindered access to the entire country for local and international staff members of humanitarian and other relevant international agencies, including in order to properly assess needs and to allow for the unhindered procurement of the necessary supplies and equipment, to repeal the so-called Organization Registration Law, which hampers the delivery of humanitarian assistance, to cease any penalization of individuals and organizations under this framework and to respect and protect humanitarian personnel, including medical personnel, facilities, transport and equipment so that humanitarian organizations are able to offer principled and inclusive humanitarian assistance, including age-, disability- and gender-responsive and assistance related to combating the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, to all people in need, including internally displaced persons;

Calls for the establishment of concrete steps towards the creation of an environment conducive to the safe, voluntary, dignified and sustainable return of all refugees, including the Rohingya and other forcibly displaced persons, residing in Bangladesh, recalling in this regard the bilateral arrangement of return concluded between Bangladesh and Myanmar in 2017, as well as those residing in other host States, and for access to accurate and reliable information, as corroborated by the United Nations and other relevant actors, on the conditions in Rakhine State and in other parts of the country in order to reasonably address the core concerns of all refugees, including the Rohingya and other forcibly displaced persons, thereby enabling them to return to their places of origin or places of their choosing in a voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable manner;

Encourages the international community, in the true spirit of interdependence and equal burden- and responsibility-sharing, to assist Bangladesh in providing humanitarian assistance to Rohingya refugees and forcibly displaced persons until such time as they are voluntarily repatriated to Myanmar in safety and dignity, and to assist in the provision of humanitarian assistance in Myanmar to all affected persons of all communities displaced internally in Myanmar, including in Rakhine State, taking into account the vulnerable situation of women, children, older persons and persons with disabilities;

Calls for immediate, full, unrestricted and unmonitored access for all United Nations mandate holders and human rights mechanisms and international and regional courts, tribunals and human rights bodies to independently monitor the situation of human rights, including by ceasing Internet shutdowns and lifting all other Internet restrictions, which hinder the flow of information essential for accountability, and to ensure that civil society organizations, human rights defenders, lawyers, victims, survivors, witnesses and other individuals have unhindered access to and can communicate with the United Nations and other human rights entities without fear of reprisals, intimidation or attack;

Also calls for an end to the reclassification of villages where the Rohingya and other ethnic minorities were previously located and to removing the names of villages from official maps and potentially altering how the land may be used, and for ceasing, without any delay, the construction of military facilities in those villages;

Further calls for the resumption of family visits and for immediate access, without undue restrictions, to be granted to appropriate international monitoring bodies and medical services to detainees and detention facilities;

Urges that full and unhindered access be granted to the diplomatic corps, independent observers and representatives of the national and international independent media so that they may conduct their work without fear of reprisals, intimidation or attack;

Stresses the role and the importance of the involvement of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in facilitating and launching political dialogue, encourages regional players to work in that direction, and calls upon all States Members of the United Nations to protect Myanmar nationals within their borders, as appropriate, and respect the principle of non-refoulement;

Expresses its deep concern over the lack of progress by the Myanmar military in the implementation of the five-point consensus of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and reiterates the urgent call upon Myanmar to fully, swiftly and effectively implement the five-point consensus, including through constructive dialogue among all relevant parties, to facilitate a peaceful solution in the interest of the people of Myanmar and their livelihoods, to that end calls upon all stakeholders in Myanmar to cooperate with the Association and the Special Envoy of the Chair of the Association on Myanmar, including by granting him access to all stakeholders, and expresses its support for these efforts;

Expresses its support for further efforts towards the implementation of the five-point consensus of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and in this regard welcomes the Association leaders’ review and decision on the implementation of the five-point consensus, adopted at the fortieth and forty-first summits of the Association, held on 11 November 2022;

Also expresses its support for the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General on Myanmar and for her good offices, including her mandate to meet with all parties, and underlines the need for close coordination between the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General on Myanmar and the Special Envoy of the Chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations on Myanmar;

Stresses the urgent need to safeguard those who report violations and abuses and to immediately cease the killing, torture and other ill-treatment, bodily injury and arbitrary detention of all civil society actors, including journalists and media workers, human rights defenders, casualty recorders, lawyers, environmental and land rights activists, health and humanitarian workers and other civilians;

Calls for the protection of the rights to freedom of religion or belief, freedom of opinion and expression and freedom of peaceful assembly and association and the right to privacy, as set forth in article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, both online and offline, including by fully and permanently restoring all forms of Internet services across the country, lifting all forms of online censorship, including bans on access to the websites of media outlets and virtual private networks, halting all measures to implement online surveillance systems, including unlawful or arbitrary interception of communications, unlawful or arbitrary collection of personal data, unlawful or arbitrary hacking and the unlawful or arbitrary use of biometric technologies, repealing or reforming, in line with international human rights law and standards, all relevant legislation, including the Official Secrets Act, the Unlawful Associations Act, the Peaceful Assembly and Peaceful Procession Law, articles 66 (d), 68 (a), 77 and 80 (c) of the Telecommunications Act, the law on television and radio broadcasting, the Law Protecting the Privacy and Security of Citizens, the Electronic Transactions Law, articles 124A, 124C, 124D, 153, 295A, 499, 500, and 505 (a) and (b) of the Penal Code and the Ward and Village Tract Administration Law, and enacting comprehensive data protection legislation;

Also calls for necessary measures to be taken to promote the inclusion, human rights and dignity of all people living in Myanmar, to address sexual and gender-based violence, discrimination and the spread of prejudice, including the spread of disinformation, hate speech and inflammatory rhetoric, including on online platforms, social media and messaging services, and to combat incitement to hatred and violence against ethnic, religious and other minorities, including the Rohingya, in accordance with the Rabat Plan of Action on the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence, also in line with recommendation 9 of the executive summary of the Independent Commission of Enquiry, including by refraining from engaging in hate speech or encouraging others to engage in hate speech and refraining from implementing measures purported to address hate speech that do not comply with international standards;

Urges action to address and document conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence in Myanmar, with the full participation of civil society, particularly women’s rights organizations and women from conflict-affected communities, to prevent such violence, to end impunity, to hold perpetrators accountable and to provide survivors with access to adequate assistance, support services, justice and reparations;

Underlines the importance of consulting with survivors and the families of victims, including the Rohingya and persons belonging to other minorities, and of including them in advancing justice and accountability, as appropriate;

Calls for appropriate action to eliminate child and forced labour, to protect the rights of workers in natural resource extraction and to demilitarize mining regions, and urges action to establish an inclusive land governance framework and to resolve issues of land tenure, including by amending relevant legislation, in particular the Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law, in full consultation with relevant groups and ethnic communities, including the Rohingya;

Encourages all business enterprises, including transnational corporations and domestic enterprises operating in Myanmar or that have parts of their supply chain in Myanmar, to implement the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the recommendations made by the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar on the economic interests of the Myanmar armed forces, and requests the home States of those enterprises to take enhanced measures so that those businesses conduct enhanced human rights due diligence so that their activities do not contribute to or cause any human rights violations or abuses, in accordance with the Guiding Principles;

Decides to extend the mandate of Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar for a further period of one year, requests the Special Rapporteur to present an oral progress report to the Human Rights Council at its fifty-third session and to submit a written report to the Third Committee of the General Assembly at its seventy-eighth session and to the Council at its fifty-fifth session, in accordance with its annual programme of work, and also requests the Special Rapporteur, supported by additional human rights experts, to continue to monitor the situation of human rights in Myanmar and the implementation of the recommendations made by the mandate holder and by the independent international fact-finding mission and to make recommendations on additional steps necessary to address the ongoing crisis, including through thematic reports and conference room papers;

Encourages the Special Rapporteur to continue to engage with relevant stakeholders, in the region and beyond, through meetings and conferences relating to human rights in Myanmar;

Calls for immediate and full cooperation by Myanmar with the Special Rapporteur in the exercise of the mandate, including by facilitating visits and granting unrestricted access throughout the country, and invites all States to facilitate cooperation with the Special Rapporteur, where requested;

Calls upon the United Nations to ensure that the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar is afforded the support and resources in terms of the staffing, location and operational freedom necessary to deliver on its mandate, and urges all United Nations bodies to collaborate fully with the Mechanism, where possible, and to share evidence to be used in future prosecutions, and all relevant actors in Myanmar and Member States to cooperate with the Mechanism, to grant it access, including access to witnesses and other information providers, and to provide it with every assistance in the execution of its mandate, and the appropriate protection of confidentiality, security and support for victims and witnesses in order to fully respect and comply with the principle of “do no harm”, and urges close and timely cooperation between the Mechanism and any future investigations or proceedings by national, regional or international courts or tribunals, including by the International Criminal Court or the International Court of Justice;

Requests the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, with the support of specialized experts, to monitor and assess the overall situation of human rights in Myanmar, maintaining focus on accountability regarding alleged violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, as well as the rule of law, to monitor the implementation of the present resolution and previous resolutions with the same title, to make recommendations on additional steps necessary to address the current crisis and to provide to the Human Rights Council a written update, at its fifty-sixth session, and a comprehensive report, at its fifty-seventh session, to be followed by an interactive dialogue;

Also requests the High Commissioner, with the support of experts and in follow-up to the comprehensive report of the Office of the High Commissioner to be submitted to the Human Rights Council at its fifty-fourth session, to focus the assessment on the erosion of the rule of law and the effects of the crisis on the human rights of civilians, in particular journalists, women, children, human rights defenders, detainees and others, to provide technical assistance to persons belonging to those groups in order to increase their protection capacities and to present updates in the context of his regular reporting to the Council;

Recommends that the General Assembly submit the reports of the High Commissioner and the Special Rapporteur to the relevant United Nations bodies, including the Security Council, for their consideration and appropriate action, taking into account the relevant conclusions and recommendations therein;

Reiterates the need to establish a country office of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Myanmar and to issue a standing invitation to all special procedures of the Human Rights Council;

Encourages engagement with the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General on Myanmar, allowing her to fulfil her mandate as set out by the Secretary-General, including by travelling to the country;

Calls upon the High Commissioner and the Special Rapporteur to monitor patterns of human rights violations that point to a heightened risk of a human rights emergency, where possible, to share evidence of violations with the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar to support future prosecutions, to continue to bring that information to the attention of the Human Rights Council in a manner that reflects the urgency of the situation, including intersessionally through ad hoc briefings, to advise on what further steps may be needed if the situation continues to deteriorate, in furtherance of the Council’s prevention mandate, and to inform other United Nations bodies as necessary on progress in this regard;

Welcomes the Secretary-General’s initiative to take concrete action based on the recommendations contained in the report entitled “A brief and independent inquiry into the involvement of the United Nations in Myanmar from 2010 to 2018”, and invites the Secretary-General to support this work by offering relevant recommendations to enable more effective work in the future and to strengthen the prevention capacity of the United Nations system;

Requests the Secretary-General to call the continued attention of the Security Council to the situation in Myanmar and to continue as necessary with concrete recommendations for action towards resolving the humanitarian crisis, establishing the conditions for the safe, dignified, voluntary and sustainable return of all refugees and forcibly displaced persons, including the Rohingya, and ensuring accountability for those responsible for mass atrocities and human rights violations and abuses;

Also requests the Secretary-General to provide the Special Rapporteur, the High Commissioner and the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar with the increased assistance, resources and expertise necessary to enable them to discharge their mandates fully;

Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.

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